The magazine that can change your mind.

January 2012

Suicide and the United States Army

Suicide and the United States Army

Perspectives from the Former Psychiatry Consultant to the Army Surgeon General

by COL (Ret) Elspeth Cameron Ritchie, M.D., M.P.H.

The suicide rate of active-duty soldiers doubled between 2003 and 2010. In response, the Department of Defense and the United States Army improved their data collection methods to better understand the causes of military suicides. As retired colonel Dr. Elspeth Cameron Ritchie writes, unit history and the accumulation of stressors—from relationship problems to chronic pain—are significant suicide risk factors among soldiers. But, she argues, Army officials must use this knowledge to design more-effective strategies for suicide reduction, including limiting access to weapons, especially post-deployment, and better connecting soldiers with their communities.

December 2011

Social Neuroscience

Social Neuroscience

How a Multidisciplinary Field Is Uncovering the Biology of Human Interactions

by John T. Cacioppo, Ph.D., and Stephanie Ortigue, Ph.D.

Studying only the biological or social aspects of a species can cause researchers to overlook many of the complex elements at work within and among organisms. The interdisciplinary field of social neuroscience serves to close the gaps left by such singularly focused research. Social neuroscientists boost our knowledge of the biology of animal and human interactions in areas as diverse as drug abuse, pair-bonding, and social isolation. As the field continues to grow, we will better understand the social, biological, and cognitive factors that determine how we relate to others.

November 2011

Optogenetics

Optogenetics

Using Light to Control the Brain

by Edward S. Boyden, Ph.D.

In 2004, scientists, including author Edward S. Boyden, Ph.D., found that the neural expression of a protein, channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), allowed light to activate or silence brain cells. This technology, now known as optogenetics, is helping scientists determine the functions of specific neurons in the brain, and could play a significant role in treating medical issues as diverse as sleep disorders and vision impairment.

October 2011

More Mysterious Than We Suppose

More Mysterious Than We Suppose

Review: Making Sense of People: Decoding the Mysteries of Personality

by Jerome Kagan, Ph.D.

Jerome Kagan, Ph.D., writes that Making Sense of People "fails to tell readers what they have to do in order to attain the prize they hoped they would command—decoding the personalities of themselves and others—when they began reading the book."

September 2011

From Lab Bench to Court Bench

From Lab Bench to Court Bench

Using Science to Inform Decisions in Juvenile Court

by Cindy S. Lederman, J.D.

Juvenile court judges are asked to determine what is in the best interest of the child in every case they hear. Until about a decade ago, court decisions were routinely made without taking into consideration the needs of toddlers and infants. The Miami Child Well-Being Court (MCWBC) program, a partnership of clinicians and judges, has brought science into the courtroom, making it integral to the decision-making process and working to ensure that the needs of the child are met.

A complementary article, "Effects of Stress on the Developing Brain" by Bruce S. McEwen, Ph.D., takes an in-depth look at the science involved. Early-life stress can lead to long-lasting behavioral, mental, and physical consequences. Fortunately, preventive measures can improve health outcomes, and while interventions for those who have already experienced debilitating early-life stress require considerable effort, they remain possible thanks to the brain's plasticity.

August 2011

Using Brain Imaging to Unravel the Mysteries of Stuttering

Using Brain Imaging to Unravel the Mysteries of Stuttering

by Soo-Eun Chang, Ph.D.

While researchers have made great strides in understanding stuttering in adults, the neural basis of stuttering in children largely remains a mystery. We do not yet know why up to 80 percent of children who stutter recover without intervention, nor do we know how to distinguish those who will recover without intervention from those who will not. However, recent findings support the idea that early intervention can alter or normalize brain function before stuttering-induced changes become hardwired.

July 2011

Designing a Plan for Drug Discovery in Rare Pediatric Neurodegenerative Disease

Designing a Plan for Drug Discovery in Rare Pediatric Neurodegenerative Disease

by Danielle Kerkovich, Ph.D., and Amy Drew

There are currently no cures for neurodegenerative diseases, including Batten disease, a rare and fatal disorder affecting young children. While researchers have made headway in preventing genetic disorders through preconception carrier screenings and have found potential drug targets, the gap between basic research and clinical treatment development remains. To overcome this gap, researchers in academia and the pharmaceutical industry, supported by government agencies and nonprofit institutions, must come together to share expertise and promote translational research.

June 2011

Promoting Healthy, Meaningful Aging Through Social Involvement

Promoting Healthy, Meaningful Aging Through Social Involvement

Building an Experience Corps

by Michelle C. Carlson, Ph.D.

Pathways responsible for higher-order thinking in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), or executive center of the brain, remain vulnerable throughout life. At all ages, physical activity and PFC-navigated social connections are essential components to maintaining brain health. The Experience Corps, a community-based social-engagement program, partners seniors with local schools to promote purpose-driven involvement. Participating seniors have exhibited immediate short-term gains in brain regions vulnerable to aging, such as the PFC, indicating that people with the most to lose have the most to gain from environmental enrichment.

June 2011

Aging with Meaning

Aging with Meaning

Review: How We Age: A Doctor’s Journey into the Heart of Growing Old

by Stanley Slater, M.D., D.F.A.P.A.

In How We Age, writes Dr. Stanley Slater, Marc E. Agronin presents a balanced view of aging stemming "from his concern for understanding the lives of his patients through listening to what they have to say and his ongoing devotion to bettering their lives."

May 2011

Epigenetics and the Human Brain

Epigenetics and the Human Brain

Where Nurture Meets Nature

by Isabelle M. Mansuy, Ph.D., and Safa Mohanna

While our genetic code determines a great deal of who and what we are, it does not act alone. It depends heavily on the epigenome, an elaborate marking of the DNA that controls the genome’s functions. Epigenetic marks drive biological characteristics as diverse as memory, development, and disease susceptibility. As scientists have learned more about how the epigenome works, they have begun to develop therapies that may lead to new approaches to treating common human conditions.

May 2011

Oversimplifying Sex Differences in the Brain

Oversimplifying Sex Differences in the Brain

Review: Man and Woman: An Inside Story

by Larry Cahill, Ph.D.

In Man and Woman: An Inside Story, writes Dr. Larry Cahill, author Dr. Donald W. Pfaff "fails to capture the strikingly ubiquitous nature of sex influences on brain function."

April 2011

Diagnosing the DSM

Diagnosing the DSM

Diagnostic Classification Needs Fundamental Reform

by Steven E. Hyman, M.D.

If all goes as planned, the American Psychiatric Association will release a new Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) in May 2013. But, argues Dr. Steven Hyman, the DSM is a poor mirror of clinical and biological realities. A fundamentally new approach to diagnostic classification is needed as researchers uncover novel ways to study and understand mental illness.

See also

March 2011

Cross-Cultural Barriers to Mental Health Services in the United States

Cross-Cultural Barriers to Mental Health Services in the United States

by Frederick T. L. Leong, Ph.D., and Zornitsa Kalibatseva

Getting treatment for a mental illness can be difficult for anyone. But for members of ethnic and racial minority groups, the road to treatment is often blocked by cultural views of mental illness and therapy, lack of insurance and access to appropriate care, and a critical deficiency of studies pertaining to nonwhite populations. Significant changes to the mental health field must be made for proper care to be widely available and accepted.

February 2011

Forecasting Aggression

Forecasting Aggression

Toward a New Interdisciplinary Understanding of What Makes Some Troubled Youth Turn Violent

by Daniel S. Schechter, M.D.

It takes a series of unfortunate circumstances for an adolescent to turn violent. While early exposure to familial violence can play a role, so too can biological influences such as hormone levels and genetic predispositions. The combination of these factors can be deadly. Although genes and other biological causes are difficult to identify and may be impossible to overcome through known therapeutic methods, medical professionals’ intervention techniques can help minimize aggressive behavior related to environmental factors.

February 2011

Review: The Mind’s Eye

Review: The Mind’s Eye

by Semir Zeki, Ph.D.

In The Mind's Eye, writes reviewer Dr. Semir Zeki, Oliver Sacks describes the visual apparatus of the brain and its vulnerability in lucid prose.

January 2011

How Brains Are Built

Principles of Computational Neuroscience

by Richard Granger, Ph.D.

The goal of computational neuroscience is to understand the brain and its mechanisms well enough to artificially simulate their functions. Yet there is still much about the brain that is unknown: How does the brain use language, make complex associations, or organize learned experiences? Once the neural pathways responsible for these and many other functions are fully understood and reconstructed, researchers will have the ability to build systems that can match—and maybe even exceed—the brain’s capabilities.

January 2011

The Crossroads of Magic and Science

The Crossroads of Magic and Science

Review: Sleights of Mind: What the Neuroscience of Magic Reveals About Our Everyday Deceptions

by Rob Teszka

Rob Teszka, a former magician and current student of cognitive and decision sciences at University College London, reviews Sleights of Mind by Stephen L. Macknik and Susana Martinez-Conde with Sandra Blakeslee.

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About Cerebrum

Johanna Goldberg, editor
Carolyn Asbury, Ph.D., consultant

Scientific Advisory Board
Kay Redfield Jamison, Ph.D., The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Pierre J. Magistretti, M.D., Ph.D., University of Lausanne Medical School and Hospital
Robert Malenka, M.D., Ph.D., Stanford University School of Medicine
Bruce S. McEwen, Ph.D., The Rockefeller University
Donald Price, M.D., The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

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